Affirmative Action helps to bridge gaps in areas like leadership, education, and employment, paving the way toward equal opportunities for those who have traditionally been excluded. Even with continued advocacy for the inclusion of gender in politics, business, and governance, women are still being held back in Nigeria.
By January 2025, Nigeria was standing at 178 among 182 countries in female representations within the national parliaments. As the Inter-Parliamentary Union said, female occupants in the House of Representatives stand at 3.9%, while in the Senate stand at 2.8%, far below the affirmative action commitment of 35% which Nigeria made in 2021.
This guide will attempt to explain what Affirmative Action is, why it is important, and how Nigeria can apply it to the creation of an equitable society.
What Is Affirmative Action?
Affirmative Action is a policy that ensures fair representation for groups that have been historically disadvantaged. In Nigeria, this mostly applies to women, people with disabilities, and marginalized communities.
This was meant to remove these obstacles that place them at disadvantages in society; thus, providing laws, policies, and programs that give greater opportunities for appointment into leadership, accessing quality education, and seeking employment.
Action increases women representation in governments, while in businesses, the theory is a policy of offering equal leadership opportunities for women and marginalised groups.
Why Affirmative Action Matters in Nigeria
Nigeria’s population is almost 50% female, yet women remain largely underrepresented in decision-making roles. The Nigerian constitution guarantees gender equality, but without Affirmative Action, progress has been slow.
1. Women in Politics
- Nigeria’s 2025 global ranking for female political representation is one of the lowest in the world.
- A 2021 Federal High Court ruling called for 35% representation of women in appointive positions, but implementation remains weak.
- In President Tinubu’s administration, only 17% of the federal cabinet positions are held by women, far below the 35% target.
2. Women in Leadership and Business
- Less than 26% of board seats in Nigerian companies are held by women (International Finance Corporation).
- Women struggle with financial constraints and cultural biases that limit their ability to lead.
- Studies show that companies with more female leaders perform better financially.
3. Education and Economic Impact
- Educating women boosts Nigeria’s economy. A World Bank study found that increasing female education levels could grow the country’s GDP by 5%.
- Affirmative Action in education can help more girls stay in school and gain leadership skills.
Challenges to Implementing Affirmative Action
Despite legal victories and advocacy efforts, Nigeria faces several barriers:
1. Weak Political Will
Government leaders have not fully enforced the 35% representation policy. Without political commitment, progress remains slow.
2. Cultural and Social Barriers
Many people believe leadership is for men. Women who enter politics or leadership face discrimination, intimidation, and even violence.
3. Lack of Financial Support
Running for office requires money. Women often lack access to campaign funds, making it difficult to compete in elections.
How Nigeria Can Improve Affirmative Action
1. Enforce the 35% Representation Policy
- The government must legally commit to appointing at least 35% of women in leadership roles.
- Affirmative Action laws must be enforced at the federal, state, and local levels.
2. Support Women in Politics
- Funding programs should help women run for office.
- Political parties must reform internal structures to ensure fair participation.
3. Educate Society on Women’s Leadership
- Schools should teach gender equality and leadership.
- Media campaigns must highlight the benefits of women in politics and business.
4. Pass the Special Seat Bill for Women
- The National Assembly is debating a bill to create reserved seats for women in government.
- Passing this bill will ensure women have a permanent place in decision-making.
Conclusion
Affirmative Action is necessary to ensure women and marginalized groups have equal opportunities in Nigeria. Without policies that support inclusion, progress will remain slow.
To learn more about gender policies, data, and reports, visit Genderpedia and explore resources that can drive real change.
